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<title>Knowledge engineering</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Knowledge engineering</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about methods for developing expert systems. For application of knowledge based technology to the domain of manufacturing and CAD, see <a href="Knowledge-based_engineering" title="Knowledge-based engineering">Knowledge-based engineering</a>.</div>

<p><b>Knowledge engineering</b> (<b>KE</b>) refers to all aspects involved in <a href="Knowledge-based_systems" title="Knowledge-based systems">knowledge-based systems</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expert_systems">Expert systems</h3></div>

<p>One of the first examples of an <a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert system</a> was <a href="MYCIN" class="mw-redirect" title="MYCIN">MYCIN</a>, an application to perform medical diagnosis. In the MYCIN example, the domain experts were medical doctors and the knowledge represented was their expertise in diagnosis.

</p><p>Expert systems were first developed in artificial intelligence laboratories as an attempt to understand complex human decision making. Based on positive results from these initial prototypes, the technology was adopted by the US business community (and later worldwide) in the 1980s. The Stanford heuristic programming project led by <a href="Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a> was one of the leaders in defining and developing the first expert systems.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In the earliest days of expert systems, there was little or no formal process for the creation of the software. Researchers just sat down with domain experts and started programming, often developing the required tools (e.g. <a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">inference engines</a>) at the same time as the applications themselves. As expert systems moved from academic prototypes to deployed business systems it was realized that a methodology was required to bring predictability and control to the process of building the software. There were essentially two approaches that were attempted:

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<ol><li>Use conventional software development methodologies</li>

<li>Develop special methodologies tuned to the requirements of building expert systems</li></ol>

<p>Many of the early expert systems were developed by large consulting and system integration firms such as <a href="Andersen_Consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersen Consulting">Andersen Consulting</a>. These firms already had well tested conventional <a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall methodologies</a> (e.g. Method/1 for Andersen) that they trained all their staff in and that were virtually always used to develop software for their clients. One trend in early expert systems development was to simply apply these waterfall methods to expert systems development.

</p><p>Another issue with using conventional methods to develop expert systems was that due to the unprecedented nature of expert systems, they were one of the first applications to adopt <a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid application development</a> methods that feature iteration and prototyping as well as or instead of detailed analysis and design. In the 1980s few conventional software methods supported this type of approach.

</p><p>The final issue with using conventional methods to develop expert systems was the need for <a href="Knowledge_acquisition" title="Knowledge acquisition">knowledge acquisition</a>. <i>Knowledge acquisition</i> refers to the process of gathering expert knowledge and capturing it in the form of rules and ontologies. Knowledge acquisition has special requirements beyond the conventional specification process used to capture most business requirements.

</p><p>These issues led to the second approach to knowledge engineering: the development of custom methodologies specifically designed to build expert systems.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first and most popular of such methodologies custom designed for expert systems was the <a href="Knowledge_Acquisition_and_Documentation_Structuring" title="Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring">Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring</a> (KADS) methodology developed in Europe. KADS had great success in Europe and was also used in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Knowledge_level_modeling" title="Knowledge level modeling">Knowledge level modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_retrieval" title="Knowledge retrieval">Knowledge retrieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_tagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge tagging">Knowledge tagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_engineering" title="Method engineering">Method engineering</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFeigenbaumMcCorduk1983" class="citation book cs1">Feigenbaum, Edward; McCorduk, Pamela (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fifthgenerationa00feigrich"><i>The Fifth Generation</i></a></span> (1st ed.). <a href="Reading%2C_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading, MA">Reading, MA</a>: <a href="Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-201-11519-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9324691">9324691</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiberAkkermansAnjewierdenDehoog2000" class="citation cs2">Schreiber, August Th.; Akkermans, Hans; Anjewierden, Anjo; <a href="Robert_de_Hoog_(scientist)" title="Robert de Hoog (scientist)">Dehoog, Robert</a>; <a href="Nigel_Shadbolt" title="Nigel Shadbolt">Shadbolt, Nigel</a>; Vandevelde, Walter; <a href="Bob_Wielinga" title="Bob Wielinga">Wielinga, Bob</a> (2000), <i>Knowledge engineering and management: the CommonKADS methodology</i> (1st ed.), <a href="Cambridge%2C_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, MA">Cambridge, MA</a>: The MIT Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-19300-9</bdi></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505608/description#description">Data & Knowledge Engineering</a> – Elsevier Journal</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=KER">Knowledge Engineering Review</a>, Cambridge Journal</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501180201/http://www.ksi.edu/ijsk.html">The International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering</a> – World Scientific</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/tkde/index.html">IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515223601/http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/tkde/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-05-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612045810/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0266-4720&site=1">Expert Systems: The Journal of Knowledge Engineering</a> – Wiley-Blackwell</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">Backward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Commonsense_reasoning" title="Commonsense reasoning">Commonsense reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_chaining" title="Forward chaining">Forward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-based_reasoning" title="Model-based reasoning">Model-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">Inference engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">Proof assistants</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CLIPS" title="CLIPS">CLIPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectionist_expert_system" title="Connectionist expert system">Connectionist expert systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Expert_systems_for_mortgages" title="Expert systems for mortgages">Expert systems for mortgages</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_expert_system" title="Legal expert system">Legal expert systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reasoning_system#Types_of_reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">Reasoning systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint solvers</a></li>

<li><a href="Deductive_classifier" title="Deductive classifier">Deductive classifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_reasoning_system" title="Procedural reasoning system">Procedural reasoning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule engine">Rule engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attempto_Controlled_English" title="Attempto Controlled English">Attempto Controlled English</a></li>

<li><a href="F-logic" title="F-logic">F-logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Interchange_Format" title="Knowledge Interchange Format">Knowledge Interchange Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorem provers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CARINE" title="CARINE">CARINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Nqthm" title="Nqthm">Nqthm</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_(theorem_prover)" title="Otter (theorem prover)">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Prover9" title="Prover9">Prover9</a></li>

<li><a href="SPASS" title="SPASS">SPASS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Constraint_satisfaction" title="Constraint satisfaction">Constraint satisfaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_consistency" title="Local consistency">Local consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Satisfiability_modulo_theories" title="Satisfiability modulo theories">SMT solvers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial-order_planning" title="Partial-order planning">Partial-order planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Preference-based_planning" title="Preference-based planning">Preference-based planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_planning" title="Reactive planning">Reactive planning</a></li>

<li><a href="State-space_planning" title="State-space planning">State-space planning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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